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Technical explanation
Alloying elements in steel
Alloying elements are used when strength, toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance or hardenability beyond plain-carbon steel is required.
Carbon and manganese
Carbon has the strongest effect on attainable hardness. Manganese improves hardenability and supports sulphur control.
Chromium, nickel and molybdenum
Chromium supports wear and oxidation resistance; nickel improves toughness; molybdenum increases hardenability and high-temperature strength while reducing susceptibility to temper embrittlement.
Grain and inclusion control
Vanadium, niobium, titanium, aluminium and calcium can refine grain size, stabilize compounds or improve inclusion shape. The complete composition and heat-treatment route must always be evaluated together.